Instalação de Interface Gráfica

Padrões e condições de testes

• Debian sarge
• xfree86

Objetivos

• Material prático

Passo-a-passo

• Para reconhecer sua placa de rede

# lspci

• Para configurar sua placa de vídeo (este comando é o mais comum - outros também utilizados para configuração: Xconfigurator, etc):

# xf86config

• Realizando o teste mais simples:

# X :0
ou
# startx

Aprendendo a utilizar vesa

• Vesa = driver genérico

Referências:

• [1] - http://www.x.org
• [2] - http://www.xfree86.org
• [3] - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Window
• [4] - http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/XFree86-HOWTO/index.html
• [5] - http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/XWindow-Overview-HOWTO/index.html
• [6] - http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/XWindow-User-HOWTO/index.html

Identificando a placa de vídeo - lspci

A primeira coisa a ser feita é utilizar o comando lspci, e verificar qual é o nome de sua placa de vídeo. procure pela seguinte trecho:

VGA compatible controller: 

O nome da placa de vídeo deve aparecer na frente do trecho citado acima, anote o mesmo.

Entre na pasta X11:

#cd /etc/X11

Iniciando a configuração do monitor e da placa de vídeo

Vamos instalar o X Windows agora, seguindo os passos abaixo.

Iremos utilizar o modo texto para configurar o monitor e a placa de vídeo de nosso computador. Para isto digite use o comando: xf86config

A seguinte tela aparecerá:

# xf86config

This program will create a basic XF86Config file, based on menu selections you
make.


The XF86Config file usually resides in /usr/X11R6/lib/X11 or /etc. A sample
XF86Config file is supplied with XFree86; it is configured for a standard
VGA card and monitor with 640x480 resolution. This program will ask for a
pathname when it is ready to write the file.


You can either take the sample XF86Config as a base and edit it for your
configuration, or let this program produce a base XF86Config file for your
configuration and fine-tune it. Refer to /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/doc/README.Config
for a detailed overview of the configuration process.


For accelerated servers (including accelerated drivers in the SVGA server),
there are many chipset and card-specific options and settings. This program
does not know about these. On some configurations some of these settings must
be specified. Refer to the server man pages and chipset-specific READMEs.


Before continuing with this program, make sure you know the chipset and
amount of video memory on your video card. SuperProbe can help with this.
It is also helpful if you know what server you want to run.


Press enter to continue, or ctrl-c to abort. >ENTER<

Pressione o ENTER para continuarmos com nossa configuração.

Agora, o xf86config irá pedir para configurarmos tanto mouse quanto teclado, como isto não faz parte desta oficina, vamos ignorar esta parte.

Configurando o monitor

Bem essa parte da configuração é a que precisará mais atenção, se ocorrer alguma coisa errada nessa parte da configuração você não poderá entrar no modo gráfico.

Now we want to set the specifications of the monitor. The two critical
parameters are the vertical refresh rate, which is the rate at which the
the whole screen is refreshed, and most importantly the horizontal sync rate,
which is the rate at which scanlines are displayed.


The valid range for horizontal sync and vertical sync should be documented
in the manual of your monitor. If in doubt, check the monitor database
/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/doc/Monitors to see if your monitor is there.


Press enter to continue, or ctrl-c to abort. >ENTER<

No passo acima apenas aperte ENTER para continuar a configuração.

You must indicate the horizontal sync range of your monitor. You can either
select one of the predefined ranges below that correspond to industry-standard
monitor types, or give a specific range.


It is VERY IMPORTANT that you do not specify a monitor type with a horizontal
sync range that is beyond the capabilities of your monitor. If in doubt,
choose a conservative setting.


 hsync in kHz; monitor type with characteristic modes
1 31.5; Standard VGA, 640x480 @ 60 Hz
2 31.5 - 35.1; Super VGA, 800x600 @ 56 Hz
3 31.5, 35.5; 8514 Compatible, 1024x768 @ 87 Hz interlaced (no 800x600)
4 31.5, 35.15, 35.5; Super VGA, 1024x768 @ 87 Hz interlaced, 800x600 @ 56 Hz
5 31.5 - 37.9; Extended Super VGA, 800x600 @ 60 Hz, 640x480 @ 72 Hz
6 31.5 - 48.5; Non-Interlaced SVGA, 1024x768 @ 60 Hz, 800x600 @ 72 Hz
7 31.5 - 57.0; High Frequency SVGA, 1024x768 @ 70 Hz
8 31.5 - 64.3; Monitor that can do 1280x1024 @ 60 Hz
9 31.5 - 79.0; Monitor that can do 1280x1024 @ 74 Hz
10 31.5 - 82.0; Monitor that can do 1280x1024 @ 76 Hz
11 Enter your own horizontal sync range


Enter your choice (1-11): 11

Na opção acima, escreva 11 e a seguinte tela aparecerá:

lease enter the horizontal sync range of your monitor, in the format used
in the table of monitor types above. You can either specify one or more
continuous ranges (e.g. 15-25, 30-50), or one fixed sync frequencies.

Horizontal sync range: 30-50

Os valores de alcances de seu monitor devem estar especificados no manual do mesmo, caso tenha dúvida dos valores reais dos mesmos, utilize o valor 30-50 que deve funcionar em 90% dos monitores em geral.

You must indicate the vertical sync range of your monitor. You can either
select one of the predefined ranges below that correspond to industry-
standard monitor types, or give a specific range. For interlaced modes,
the number that counts is the high one (e.g. 87 Hz rather than 43 Hz).

1 50-70
2 50-90
3 50-100
4 40-150
5 Enter your own vertical sync range


Enter your choice: 5

Selecionando a opção 5, aparecerá a seguinte tela:

Vertical sync range: 50-120

Em caso de dúvida, entre com o valor 50-120 que também funciona em 90% dos monitores em geral.

You must now enter a few identification/description strings, namely an
identifier, a vendor name, and a model name. Just pressing enter will fill
in default names.


The strings are free-form, spaces are allowed.
Enter an identifier for your monitor definition: >ENTER<

Pressione ENTER.

Configurando a placa de vídeo

Este também é um passo importante para configuração, você terá que utilizar o nome da placa anotado com o comando lspci.

Now we must configure video card specific settings. At this point you can
choose to make a selection out of a database of video card definitions.
Because there can be variation in Ramdacs and clock generators even
between cards of the same model, it is not sensible to blindly copy
the settings (e.g. a Device section). For this reason, after you make a
selection, you will still be asked about the components of the card, with
the settings from the chosen database entry presented as a strong hint.


The database entries include information about the chipset, what server to
run, the Ramdac and ClockChip, and comments that will be included in the
Device section. However, a lot of definitions only hint about what server
to run (based on the chipset the card uses) and are untested.


If you can't find your card in the database, there's nothing to worry about.
You should only choose a database entry that is exactly the same model as
your card; choosing one that looks similar is just a bad idea (e.g. a
GemStone Snail 64 may be as different from a GemStone Snail 64+ in terms of
hardware as can be).


Do you want to look at the card database? y

Está perguntando se você gostaria de olhar a lista de placas para saber se a sua está listada. Para sim pressione y. Depois de apertar y irá aparecer uma lista deplacas e seus drivers, esta lista pode aparecer com placas diferentes.

  0  2 the Max MAXColor S3 Trio64V+                    S3 Trio64V+
  1  928Movie                                          S3 928
  2  AGX (generic)                                     AGX-014/15/16
  3  ALG-5434(E)                                       CL-GD5434
  4  ASUS PCI-AV264CT                                  ATI-Mach64
  5  ASUS PCI-V264CT                                   ATI-Mach64
  6  ASUS Video Magic PCI V864                         S3 864
  7  ASUS Video Magic PCI VT64                         S3 Trio64
  8  ATI Rage 128 based (generic)                      r128
  9  ATI 8514 Ultra (no VGA)                           ATI-Mach8
 10  ATI Graphics Pro Turbo                            ATI-Mach64
 11  ATI Graphics Pro Turbo 1600                       ATI-Mach64
 12  ATI Graphics Ultra                                ATI-Mach8
 13  ATI Graphics Ultra Pro                            ATI-Mach32
 14  ATI Graphics Xpression with 68875 RAMDAC          ATI-Mach64
 15  ATI Graphics Xpression with AT&T 20C408 RAMDAC    ATI-Mach64
 16  ATI Graphics Xpression with CH8398 RAMDAC         ATI-Mach64
 17  ATI Graphics Xpression with Mach64 CT (264CT)     ATI-Mach64

Enter a number to choose the corresponding card definition.
Press enter for the next page, q to continue configuration. 8 >ENTER<

Selecione o número que corresponde à sua placa, para continuar a lista basta apertar ENTER até localizar a sua.

Your selected card definition:

Identifier: ** ATI Rage based 128 (generic)
Chipset: -
Driver: r128

Press enter to continue, or ctrl-c to abort. >ENTER<

Muito bem, você acabou de selecionar o driver da sua placa de vídeo, depois de apertar ENTER ele irá mostrar uma lista com valores de memórias, escolha a sua e continuamos.

Now you must give information about your video card. This will be used for
the "Device" section of your video card in XF86Config.

You must indicate how much video memory you have. It is probably a good
idea to use the same approximate amount as that detected by the server you
intend to use. If you encounter problems that are due to the used server
not supporting the amount memory you have (e.g. ATI Mach64 is limited to
1024K with the SVGA server), specify the maximum amount supported by the
server.

How much video memory do you have on your video card:

1   256K
2   512K
3   1024K
4   2048K
5   4096K
6   8192K
7   16384K
8   32768K
9   65536K
10  131072
11  262144
12  Other

Enter your choice: 8

Bem, aqui vai de acordo com o memória da sua placa, no exemplo, a minha tem 32 (trinta e dois) megas, então selecionei a opção "8".

You must now enter a few identification/description strings, namely an
identifier, a vendor name, and a model name. Just pressing enter will fill
in default names (possibly from a card definition).


Your card definition is ** ATI Rage 128 based (generic)


The strings are free-form, spaces are allowed.
Enter an identifier for your video card definition: >ENTER<

Bom essa parte da instalação é a confirmação de tudo, aperte ENTER.

Configurando a resolução do seu vídeo

Neste passo vamos configurar a sua resolução de acordo com que sua placa permitir.

For each depth, a list of modes (resolutions) is defined. The default
resolution that the server will start-up with will be the first listed
mode that can be supported by the monitor and card.
Currently it is set to:

"640x480" "800x600" "1024x768" "1280x1024"    for 8bpp
"640x480" "800x600" "1024x768" "1280x1024"    for 16bpp
"640x480" "800x600" "1024x768" "1280x1024"    for 24bpp
"640x480" "800x600" "1024x768" "1280x1024"    for 32bpp

Note that 16, 24 and 32bpp are only supported on a few configurations.
Modes that cannot be supported due to monitor or clock constraints will
be automatically skipped by the server.

1 Change the modes for 8pp (256 colors)
2 Change the modes for 16bpp (32K/64K colors)
3 Change the modes for 24bpp (24-bit color, packed pixel)
4 Change the modes for 32bpp (24-bit color)
5 The modes are OK, continue.

Enter your choice: 5


Please specify which color depth  you want to use by default:

1 1 bit (monochrome)
2 4 bits (16 colors)
3 8 bits (256 colors)
4 16 bits (65536 colors)
5 24 bits (16 million colors)

Enter a number to choose de default depth:
4

Siga os passos acima. A primeira pergunta pede para confirmar as resoluções preferenciais de acordo com a quantidade de bits, para confirmar aperte "5". A segunda pergunta pede pra você escolher a quantidade de bits, ou seja, o número de cores.

Finalizando a configuração

I am going to write the XF86Config file now. Make sure you don't accidently
overwrite a previously configured one.

Do you want it written to the current directory as 'XF86Config'? y

A opção acima salva o arquivo com nome 'XF86Config' na pasta corrente. E a seguinte mensagem aparece na tela.

File has been written. Take a look at it before running 'startx'. Note that
the XF86Config file must be in one of the directories searched by the server
e.g. /etc/X11) in order to be used. Within the server press
ctrl, alt and '+' simultaneously to cycle video resolutions. Pressing ctrl,
alt and backspace simultaneously immediately exits the server (use if
the monitor doesn't sync for a particular mode).

For further configuration, refer to the XF86Config(5) manual page.

Testando o modo gráfico

Agora faça um backup do arquivo 'XF86Config-4' que já existia na sua pasta X11:

#cp XF86Config-4 XF86Config-4-bckp

Agora renomeie o 'XF86Config' criado para 'XF86Config-4':

#cp XF86Config XF86Config-4

Agora inicalize o modo gráfico com o comando:

#init 2

Caso ela já esteja inicializada, utilize os seguintes comandos, o primeiro para desligar a interface gráfica e o segundo para reiniciá-la:

#init 1

Agora entre com a senha de root novamente e digite:

#init 2

Pronto, a interface gráfica foi instalada!

Utilizando drivers vesa

Os drives vesa são drivers genéricos que funcionam com diversas placas de vídeo diferentes. Caso a interface gráfica não tenha funcionado corretamente, tente utilizar drivers vesa para a placa de vídeo.

Para isso, modifique o driver da placa de vídeo no arquivo 'XF86Config-4':

#vi XF86Config-4

Procure a parte do arquivo que especifica o driver da placa de vídeo:

Section "Device"
     Identifier "**ATI Rage 128 based (generic) [r128]"
     Driver "r128"
     #VideoRAM 32768
     #Insert Clocks lines here if appropriate
EndSection

Substitua o driver atual pela palavra "vesa" e pronto, você agora está utilizando drivers vesa.

Salve o arquivo utilizando :wq! e reinicie a interface gráfica novamente.

# caso o modo gráfico já esteja acionado

#init 1

Agora entre com a senha de root novamente e digite:

#init 2